mouse primary antibody against bruchpilot  (Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank)

Journal: iScience

Article Title: The Drosophila connectome reveals axo-axonic synapses on descending neurons

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115624

Figure Lengend Snippet: Axcs make cholinergic axo-axonic synapses on the GFs as predicted by the MANC connectome (A) AN08B098-type neurons (green) form axo-axonic connections at distinct locations along giant fiber (red, GF) axons. The scale bars shown are 20 μm. (B) The AN08B098-GF connections reconstructed in Neuroglancer (Neuroglancer scale 530.45 μm/vh) mirror the morphology seen with fluorescence in A . (C) We validated AN08B098-to-GF connectivity using anti-bruchpilot to stain for T-bars in active zones (white) along AN08B098-type neurons and colocalized the resulting fluorescence with the GFs (red), which were filled with tetramethylrhodamine. The scale bars shown are 20 μm. (D) Neuroglancer reveals presynaptic sites at similar locations seen in colocalized fluorescent image (Neuroglancer scale 530.45 μm/vh). (E and F) XY and XZ plane views of the preparation shown in (A) and (B). The zoomed-in 6 μm (scale bars 3 μm) inlays show AN08B098 forming a single synapse with the GF in (E). The yellow arrows detail the precise location AN08B098 forms the Brp-positive chemical synapse (white) to the GFs in (F). Scale bars shown are 5 μm. (G–O) EM images showing monosynaptic connections between single GF (green) and AN08B098 neurons identified by the following MANC id: (G and H) 21041, (I) 21589, (J) 23949, (K) 152261, (L) 16900, (M) 20444, (N) 22275, and (O) 24038. Pre-and postsynaptic sites are detected in EM slices using a 3D convolutional neural network to identify T-bars (cyan dots) and postsynaptic densities (PSDs, magenta dots). (P–S) We expressed anti-choline acetyltransferase (anti-ChAT) and anti-GFP in AN08B098 neurons. Anti-ChAT colocalizes to AN08B098 cells, with particularly bright staining in the cell bodies. This finding suggests acetylcholine synthesis is present within these cells, validating connectome transmitter predictions for AN08B098. Scale bars shown are (P) 20 μm and (Q–S) 5 μm.

Article Snippet: A mouse primary antibody against bruchpilot (1:50, DSHB, NC82) was used to label presynaptic chemical active zones and coupled to secondary Goat anti-mouse Alexa Fluor 647 (1:500, 115-605-003).

Techniques: Fluorescence, Staining

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Octopamine regulates neural circuits in the mushroom body and central complex, influencing sleep and arousal

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115564

Figure Lengend Snippet: Activation of OA-VPM neurons promotes wakefulness and arousal (A) Sleep profiles of SS46630 (VPM3, red)>UAS-dTRPA1, SS46603 (VPM4, blue)>UAS-dTRPA1, MB022B (VPM3 and 4, gray)>UAS-dTRPA1, and pBD (empty split-GAL4, black)>UAS-dTRPA1. Sleep amount plotted in 30-min bins and profile represents 3 days, 12 h light and 12 h dark condition (day 1: 21, day 2: 29°C (activation) and day 3: 21). (B and C) Whole-mount brain immunostaining of SS46603 (VPM4)>UAS-mCD8-GFP and SS46630 (VPM3)>UAS-mCD8-GFP flies with anti-GFP (green) and anti-Bruchpilot (BRP, nc82, magenta) antibody staining. Maximal intensity projection of the central brain is shown. Scale bars, 100 μm. (D–F) Sleep duration on days 1, 2, and 3 of flies expressing dTRPA1 in broad and specific VPM3 drivers: SS46630 ( n = 47), MB022B ( n = 48), R24E06 ( n = 72), VPM4 drivers: SS46603 ( n = 46), MB021B ( n = 47), R95A10 ( n = 44), and genotypic controls (empty-split>UAS-dTrpA1 [ n = 62] and UAS-dTRPA1/+ [ n = 47]). (G, H) Sleep duration during daytime and nighttime on day 2 (activation) of the tested genotypes. (I) Activity or number of beam counts/waking minute on day 2 (activation) is shown for the tested genotypes. For (D)–(I), mean ± SEM is shown and comparisons are made using Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons test. (A) and (D)–(I) show male flies. For this and all subsequent figures, statistical significances are indicated as ∗ p < 0.05; ∗∗ p < 0.01; ∗∗∗ p < 0.001; ns, not significant.

Article Snippet: The monoclonal nc82 antibody was obtained from the Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank ( NICHD , 10.13039/100000002 NIH ; 10.13039/100008893 University of Iowa ).

Techniques: Activation Assay, Immunostaining, Staining, Expressing, Activity Assay

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Octopamine regulates neural circuits in the mushroom body and central complex, influencing sleep and arousal

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115564

Figure Lengend Snippet: Sleep deprivation alters activity of VPM neurons in central brain regions (A) Cumulative sleep amount in minutes observed 12 h during deprivation and 24-h recovery period (dashed line). Rested flies (solid lines) represent flies that were not deprived and monitored in parallel for the 36-h duration. pBD and 24E06-Gal4 flies expressing CalexA are shown in blue and red, respectively. (B) Quantification of sleep lost (in minutes). Data represent 24E06-CalexA flies that were deprived (sleep deprived) and non-deprived controls (rested). Statistical comparisons are made by Mann-Whitney U test. (C) EM-based skeleton reconstruction of OA-VPM3 neurons, projections, and innervated brain regions (adapted from https://codex.flywire.ai/ ). , (D and E) Whole-mount brain immunostaining of 24E06-GAL4>CalexA flies (sleep-replete controls (B) and sleep-deprived controls (C)) with anti-GFP (green) and anti-Bruchpilot (BRP, nc82, magenta) staining. Maximal intensity projection of the central brain is shown. Scale bars, 100 μm. (F and G) Whole-mount brain immunostaining of 24E06-GAL4>CalexA flies (sleep-replete controls (E) and sleep-deprived controls (F)). GFP staining is pseudo-colored for visualization. Maximal intensity projection of the central brain (10–15 slices, 1 μm) is shown. Arrow indicates region around the peduncle to highlight SMP/SIP projections of OA-VPM3 neurons. (H) Quantification of CaLexA (fluorescence intensity) in the SMP/SIP region in flies (sleep-replete and sleep-deprived). Statistical comparisons are made by Mann-Whitney U test, statistical significances are indicated as ∗ p < 0.05; ∗∗ p < 0.01; ∗∗∗ p < 0.001; ns, not significant. (I and J) Whole-mount brain immunostaining of 24E06-GAL4>CalexA flies (sleep-replete controls (E), and sleep-deprived controls (F), CX region are shown. GFP staining is pseudo-colored for visualization. Maximal intensity projection of the central brain (8–10, 1 μm) is shown. Arrows indicate dorsal and ventral projections of FB. (K) Quantification of CaLexA (fluorescence intensity) in the CX region in flies (sleep-replete and sleep-deprived). Statistical comparisons are made by Mann-Whitney U test, statistical significances are indicated as ∗ p < 0.05; ∗∗ p < 0.01; ∗∗∗ p < 0.001; ns, not significant. (L and M) Whole-mount brain immunostaining of 24E06-GAL4>CalexA flies (sleep-replete controls (E) and sleep-deprived controls (F)), CX region is shown. GFP staining is pseudo-colored for visualization. Maximal intensity projection of the central brain (8–10, 1 μm) is shown. Asterisks indicate VPM cell bodies and es indicates esophagus. (N) Quantification of CaLexA (fluorescence intensity) in the ventral region (sleep-replete and sleep-deprived). Scale bars, 20 μm. Data included 8–10 male fly brains.

Article Snippet: The monoclonal nc82 antibody was obtained from the Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank ( NICHD , 10.13039/100000002 NIH ; 10.13039/100008893 University of Iowa ).

Techniques: Activity Assay, Expressing, MANN-WHITNEY, Immunostaining, Staining, Fluorescence

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Octopamine regulates neural circuits in the mushroom body and central complex, influencing sleep and arousal

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115564

Figure Lengend Snippet: OA-VPM3-dependent arousal is mediated by sleep regulating neurons within MB (A) Schematic of MB KC bodies are represented gray and blue circles depending on the projection lobe. KCs dendrites extend within the calyx and axons project to form α/β, α'/β′, and γ lobes. PAM and PPL1 dopamine neurons (DANs) extensively innervate the lobes. MBONs transmit signals from the MBs to various other brain regions. (B) OA-VPM3 (hemibrain id: 329566174, 5813061260) output represented as a starburst pattern from hemibrain connectome shows extensive downstream signaling via γ lobes, PAM-DANs, and specific MBONs. (C) Experimental strategy to study neuronal pairs by simultaneously activating VPM3 neurons (24E06-LexA; LexAop-dTRPA1) and silencing potential downstream neurons (X-Gal4; UAS-Shi ts1 ). (D) Nighttime sleep duration (day 1, baseline at 21) of flies expressing 24E06-LexA; LexAop-dTRPA1 and X-Gal4; UAS-Shi ts1 . X-Gal4 includes DANs (48B04 n = 99, 15A04 n = 83, 58E02 n = 134, TH n = 147, and Ddc n = 58), KCs (14H06 n = 138, 19B03 n = 32, and 35B12 n = 109) and MBONs (MB078C n = 32, MB112C n = 50, MB298B n = 48, and MB011B n = 67). Controls include empty-split Gal4 ( n = 180) and w1118 ( n = 55). (E) Sleep profile of selected lines showing daytime and nighttime sleep at 21. (F) Nighttime sleep duration (day 2, 31) of flies expressing 24E06-LexA; LexAop-dTRPA1 and X-Gal4; UAS-Shi ts1 . X-Gal4 includes DANs (48B04 n = 99, 15A04 n = 83, 58E02 n = 134, TH n = 147, and Ddc n = 58), KCs (14H06 n = 138, 19B03 n = 32, and 35B12 n = 109) and MBONs (MB078C n = 32, MB112C n = 50, MB298B n = 48, and MB011B n = 67). Controls include empty-split Gal4 ( n = 180) and w1118 ( n = 55). (G) Sleep profile of selected lines showing daytime (21) and nighttime sleep at 31. (H–J) Whole-mount brain immunostaining of DANs (H), KCs (I), and MBONs (J) expressing 10X-UAS-mCD8-GFP flies with anti-GFP (green) and anti-Bruchpilot (BRP, nc82, magenta) antibody staining. Maximal intensity projection of the central brain was made from original z stack files obtained from https://flweb.janelia.org/cgi-bin . In (D) and (F), mean is shown, and comparisons are made using Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s multiple comparisons test.

Article Snippet: The monoclonal nc82 antibody was obtained from the Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank ( NICHD , 10.13039/100000002 NIH ; 10.13039/100008893 University of Iowa ).

Techniques: Expressing, Immunostaining, Staining

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Increased variability and reduced phenotypic robustness in clonal Drosophila mercatorum

doi: 10.64898/2026.04.02.716190

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Representative wing images from wild-type and parthenogenic females. A shortened L7 wing vein is consistently observed in parthenogenic flies and not in controls. The mean-difference index across 27 wing parameters shows broad shifts in wing morphology in parthenogenic females compared with wild-type female and male controls. Pairwise Wilcoxon tests with Benjamini-Hochberg correction: female WT versus parthenogenic, P = 4.5 × 10⁻⁵; female WT versus male WT, P = 1.0 × 10⁻⁴; parthenogenic versus male WT, P = 2.9 × 10⁻⁸. The variability index based on the median absolute deviation (MAD indicates no overall increase in interindividual wing variability in parthenogenic females. Pairwise Wilcoxon tests with Benjamini-Hochberg correction: female WT versus parthenogenic, P = 0.8; female WT versus male WT, P = 1; parthenogenic versus male WT, P = 0.7. The canalization index based on left-right wing correspondence indicates reduced developmental stability in parthenogenic females. Pairwise Wilcoxon tests with Benjamini-Hochberg correction: female WT versus parthenogenic, P = 2.8 × 10⁻⁶; female WT versus male WT, P = 0.4; parthenogenic versus male WT, P = 1.3 × 10⁻⁶. Sample sizes: female WT, n = 29; parthenogenic, n = 31; male WT, n = 33. (B) Representative thorax bristle patterns from wild-type females, parthenogenic females, and wild-type males. Parthenogenic females have more thoracic bristles than both wild-type groups, whereas wild-type males and females show sexual dimorphism in bristle number. Pairwise Wilcoxon tests with Benjamini-Hochberg correction: female WT versus parthenogenic, P = 1.1 × 10⁻⁷; female WT versus male WT, P = 0.003; parthenogenic versus male WT, P = 1.2 × 10⁻¹¹. Variance in bristle number does not differ consistently between parthenogenic and wild-type females. Pairwise Levene’s tests: female WT versus parthenogenic, P = 0.45; female WT versus male WT, P = 0.03; parthenogenic versus male WT, P = 0.001. A fluctuating-asymmetry metric based on the root-mean-square point-to-point mismatch between mirrored left- and right-bristle patterns shows reduced canalization in parthenogenic females. Pairwise Wilcoxon tests with Benjamini-Hochberg correction: female WT versus parthenogenic, P = 7.2 × 10⁻⁶; female WT versus male WT, P = 0.67; parthenogenic versus male WT, P = 2.6 × 10⁻⁵. Sample sizes: female WT, n = 32; parthenogenic, n = 38; male WT, n = 35. (C) Representative three-dimensional reconstructions of compound eyes from wild-type and parthenogenic females. Parthenogenic females have smaller eyes with fewer ommatidia than wild-type females. Pairwise Wilcoxon test: P = 6.8 × 10⁻⁸. Across six eye parameters, parthenogenic flies show increased interindividual variability. Pairwise Wilcoxon test: P = 0.03. Left-right differences in ommatidial number are also increased, although not significantly. Pairwise Wilcoxon test: P = 0.3. Sample sizes: female WT, n = 10; parthenogenic, n = 10. (D) Representative three-dimensional reconstructions of brain neuropiles labeled with nc82 from wild-type and parthenogenic females. Parthenogenic flies have larger brains than wild-type flies. A mean-difference index across seven neuropile parameters shows broad shifts in brain anatomy in parthenogenic females relative to both wild-type groups. Pairwise Wilcoxon tests with Benjamini-Hochberg correction: female WT versus parthenogenic, P = 0.0004; female WT versus male WT, P = 0.0008; parthenogenic versus male WT, P = 0.0008. A MAD-based variability index indicates increased interindividual variation in parthenogenic females. Pairwise Wilcoxon tests with Benjamini-Hochberg correction: female WT versus parthenogenic, P = 0.001; female WT versus male WT, P = 0.66; parthenogenic versus male WT, P = 0.001. A canalization index based on left-right asymmetry across three bilateral parameters shows no significant group difference. Pairwise Wilcoxon tests with Benjamini-Hochberg correction: female WT versus parthenogenic, P = 0.16; female WT versus male WT, P = 0.35; parthenogenic versus male WT, P = 1. Sample sizes: female WT, n = 22; parthenogenic, n = 23; male WT, n = 16. (E) Representative three-dimensional reconstructions of serotonergic neurons from wild-type and parthenogenic females. Parthenogenic females show fewer serotonergic neurons and greater left-right asymmetry than wild-type females. Mean neuron number is reduced in parthenogenic females. Pairwise Wilcoxon test: P = 1.9 × 10⁻⁵. Across 16 serotonergic parameters, parthenogenic flies show increased variability. Pairwise Wilcoxon test: P = 0.0014. Left-right correspondence is reduced in parthenogenic flies, indicating reduced canalization. Wild-type female: R = 0.65, P = 5.7 × 10⁻⁵. Parthenogenic: R = 0.29, P = 0.071. Sample sizes: female WT, n = 32; parthenogenic, n = 40. Asterisks denote statistical significance: p < 0.05 (*), p < 0.01 (**), p < 0.001 (***).

Article Snippet: Brains were incubated for 2 nights at 4 °C with primary antibodies against Bruchpilot (nc82; DSHB, 1:50) and serotonin (Abcam, ab66047, 1:1,000).

Techniques: Labeling

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Profiling presynaptic scaffolds using split-GFP reconstitution reveals cell-type-specific spatial configurations in the fly brain

doi: 10.7554/eLife.107663

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Fold change of brp mRNA level against reference genes, measured by qRT-PCR. mRNA of Ubiquitin-5E and αTubulin84B were used as the reference. n=3 for all groups. Error bars show SEM. ns = nonsignificant. ( B ) Anti-Brp (nc82) immunostaining signal in the mushroom body (MB) of flies with or without GFP 11 insertion. Both have expressions of GFP 1-10 by R57C10-GAL4 . n=11 for both groups. Error bars show SEM. ***p=0.0001. Mann-Whitney test. ( C ) Anti-Brp immunostaining of brains of flies with or without pan-neuronal Brp::rGFP tagging using R57C10-GAL4 . Different planes of the image stack were shown. Scale bars, 100 μm.

Article Snippet: The nc82 antibody (DSHB) solution was diluted 1:20 in the blocking solution.

Techniques: Quantitative RT-PCR, Ubiquitin Proteomics, Immunostaining, MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Inhibitory circuits control leg movements during Drosophila grooming

doi: 10.7554/eLife.106446

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic showing segmental distribution of 13 A (green) and 13B (cyan) neurons across pro-, meta-, and meso-thoracic segments ( T1, T2, T3 ) of VNC. Confocal image: Six GABAergic 13 A neurons (green arrowheads) and six 13B neurons (cyan arrowheads) in each VNC hemisegment, labeled with GFP (green) driven by R35G04-GAL4-DBD, GAD-GAL4-AD . Neuropil in magenta (nc82). Panel B’ provides a zoomed-in view of T1 region. EM reconstructions: 62 13 A neurons (green) and 64 13B neurons (cyan) in right T1. Ventral side up. ( A ) Continuous activation of 13 A and 13B neurons labeled by R35G04-GAL4-DBD, GAD-GAL4-AD in dusted flies reduces front leg rubbing and head sweeps and induces unusual leg extensions. Control: AD-DBD EMPTY SPLIT >UAS CsChrimson (gray ). Experiment: R35G04-GAL4-DBD, GAD-GAL4-AD>UAS CsChrimson (red ). Box plots indicate the percentage of time dusted fly engaged in a given behavior over a 4-min assay (n=7). The solid blue line marks the mean, dark shading the 95% confidence interval, red dashed line the median, and light shading ± 1 standard deviation. *** p ≤0.001, * p ≤0.05 . ( E-F ) Continuous activation of 13 A and 13B neuron subsets induces front leg extension in headless flies. ( E, E′ ) Representative video frames showing headless flies (dusted and undusted) with extended front legs (orange arrowhead) following continuous optogenetic activation of neurons labeled with R35G04-GAL4-DBD, GAD-GAL4-AD>UAS- CsChrimson . Dashed box in E highlights the front legs; schematic illustrates the extended posture. ( F ) Quantification of leg extension phenotypes in dusted and undusted headless flies. Bar plots show the percentage of flies displaying leg extension (red) or a normal posture (gray). Percentages are calculated as the number of flies showing each posture divided by the total number of flies per condition. Dusted: n=9; undusted: n = 5. ( G–H ) Silencing 13 A and 13B neuron subsets locks front legs in flexion in headless flies. ( G, G′ ) Representative video frames showing dusted and undusted headless flies with sustained front leg flexion following silencing of neurons labeled with R35G04-GAL4-DBD, GAD-GAL4-AD>UAS TNTe. Blue arrowheads indicate the flexed posture. ( H ) Quantification of leg flexion phenotypes in dusted and undusted headless flies. Bar plots show the percentage of flies displaying sustained flexion (red). All flies (100%) in both dusted (n=13) and undusted (n=9) conditions showed the phenotype. Also see .

Article Snippet: Primary antibodies used were Chicken pAb anti-GFP (Abcam, 1:1000), Rabbit (Rb) anti- GFP (Abcam, 1:1000), mouse (ms) anti-Neuroglian (BP104) (DSHB, 1:40), ms monoclonal anti-Brp antibody (nC82) (DSHB, 1:200).

Techniques: Labeling, Activation Assay, Control, Standard Deviation

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Inhibitory circuits control leg movements during Drosophila grooming

doi: 10.7554/eLife.106446

Figure Lengend Snippet: Confocal image showing two Dbx-positive 13 A neurons/hemisegment labeled by GFP driven by R11C07-DBD, Dbx-AD Split GAL4 in the adult VNC, labeled by GFP (green). nC82 (magenta) labels synaptic neuropil. ( B–G ) Effects of manipulating activity of two 13 A neurons: Silencing and activation experiments in dusted flies using R11C07-DBD, Dbx-AD Split Gal4>UAS GTACR1 and UAS CsChrimson , respectively. Control conditions include AD-DBD Empty Split with UAS GTACR1 for inactivation and with UAS CsChrimson for activation. 13 A inactivation (n=11), activation (n=4). Bar plots in each panel compare control (blue) and experimental (orange) groups. Each dot represents the mean feature value for a single fly. Bars indicate the group mean, and whiskers represent the 95% confidence interval of the group mean. p-Values (raw and FDR–corrected) are shown above each panel. ( C-D’ ) Contour plots (probability distribution of joint positions) of the front legs during grooming actions. Joint positions are significantly altered upon silencing ( C’ ) and activation of 13 A neurons ( D’ ) in dust-covered flies. Joint positions are shown during head sweeps ( C-D’ ). ( E,E’ ) Median frequency (Hz) of the proximal and medial joints decreases upon silencing of two 13 A neurons. ( F ) Maximum angular velocity (° /s*10 [-2] ) of the proximal joint does not significantly reduce upon silencing of two 13 A neurons.

Article Snippet: Primary antibodies used were Chicken pAb anti-GFP (Abcam, 1:1000), Rabbit (Rb) anti- GFP (Abcam, 1:1000), mouse (ms) anti-Neuroglian (BP104) (DSHB, 1:40), ms monoclonal anti-Brp antibody (nC82) (DSHB, 1:200).

Techniques: Labeling, Activity Assay, Activation Assay, Control

Journal: eLife

Article Title: Inhibitory circuits control leg movements during Drosophila grooming

doi: 10.7554/eLife.106446

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A-A” ) Intra-joint coordination and muscle synergies . Angular velocities of proximal (P, blue) and medial (M, cyan) joints predominantly move synchronously, while distal (D, purple) can move in or out of phase during leg rubbing. The schematic (right) indicates the corresponding joint angles. ( A’-A” ) The proximal and medial joint movements within a leg occur effectively in phase, with a mean lag of ~0.8 frames (8ms) during leg rubbing (A′) and during head grooming sweeps (A″). Bar plots show the lag; each dot indicates one animal. Frame = 10ms. Neuronal labeling of 13A and 13B neurons. Top: Confocal image of six Dbx positive 13 A neurons per hemisegment labeled by GFP using R35G04-GAL4-DBD, Dbx-GAL4-AD in VNC. Neuroglian (magenta) labels axon bundles. Bottom: Confocal image of three 13B neurons per hemisegment labeled by GFP using R11B07-GAL4-DBD, GAD-GAL4-AD . Nc82 (magenta) labels neuropil. ( C–I ) Effects of neuronal activity manipulation in dusted flies. Silencing and activation of 13 A neurons in dusted flies using R35G04-GAL4-DBD, Dbx-GAL4-AD with UAS Kir or UAS CsChrimson , respectively (n=12 silencing, n=19 activation). Control: AD-GAL4-DBD EMPTY SPLIT with UAS Kir or UAS CsChrimson . For 13B neurons, R11B07-GAL4-DBD, GAD-GAL4-AD with UAS GtACR1 , or UAS CsChrimson, respectively (n=7 silencing, n=9 activation); control: AD-GAL4-DBD EMPTY SPLIT with UAS GtACR1 or UAS CsChrimson . Each panel compares control (blue) and experimental (orange) groups. Each dot represents the mean feature value for a single fly. Bars indicate the group mean, and whiskers represent the 95% confidence interval of the group mean. P -values (raw and false discovery rate [FDR]–corrected) are shown above each panel. ( C–D ) Proximal inter-leg distance : Silencing of 13 A ( C ) or 13B ( D ) neurons during head grooming reduces the distance between the femur-tibia joints of the left and right front legs. ( E–I ) Frequency modulation : Silencing 13 A or 13B neurons reduces mean frequency of proximal joint oscillations in dusted flies. ( F, G ). Activation of 13 A neurons reduced frequency, although this change did not survive FDR correction. However, continuous activation of 13 A and 13B neurons increased variability in frequency. ( H, I ). Mean of the per-animal standard deviation (STD) that reflects variability or spread of data is shown.

Article Snippet: Primary antibodies used were Chicken pAb anti-GFP (Abcam, 1:1000), Rabbit (Rb) anti- GFP (Abcam, 1:1000), mouse (ms) anti-Neuroglian (BP104) (DSHB, 1:40), ms monoclonal anti-Brp antibody (nC82) (DSHB, 1:200).

Techniques: Labeling, Activity Assay, Activation Assay, Control, Standard Deviation